DIVERSIFICATION OF CHURCH GROWTH TEACHING
In 1982 Wagner invited John Wimber to teach the course MC510: Signs, Wonders and Church Growth at Fuller’s School of World Mission. As a result of Wimber’s influence Wagner’s views on the work of the Holy Spirit, like spiritual gifts, began to shift. His shift moved even further in the following years through the influence of people like Cindy Jacobs and Chuck Pierce. While Wagner was still focussed on church growth, he was, however, looking at other factors of church growth that were not under the classical Church Growth radar like spiritual gifts, prayer and spiritual warfare. In the revised third edition of Understanding Church Growth (1990) (done with the consent of McGavran) Wagner added a whole new chapter on “Divine Healing and Church Growth”.1
In Church Growth State of the Art (1986) there was a whole section consisting of four chapters on “Church Growth and the Holy Spirit”.2 One chapter was on the supernatural anointing of the Holy Spirit for ministry and another was on the importance of power encounter for church growth. The latter chapter being a contribution by John Wimber.
While Wagner’s shift did not in itself precipitate the diversification of church growth teaching, it however, left an open field for new ideas about church growth to be introduced3 by practitioners (pastors) demographers and church consultants.4 Gary McIntosh has drawn a helpful chart showing the various sub-branches of what he calls the “Popular Church Growth prong”: (1) Systems Research, (2) Survey Research, (3) Polling Research and (4) Anecdotal Research (Stories of Growing Churches).5
Many books published during this time were about principles and strategies for numerical church growth. They were mostly written from the perspective of the church as an organisation (albeit a biblical, living, spiritual organism).
The following is a sampling of such publications. Carl F. George’s How to Break Growth Barriers (1993).6 The basic thesis of his book is that if a pastor is to lead his church to growth he needs to move from being a shepherd to that of a rancher. In other words, instead of being the primary caregiver the pastor needs to develop others to care for the members of church and do the work of ministry. Gary L. McIntosh’s One Size Doesn’t Fit All (1999).7 He says that the size of a church determines how it “does church” including how it is structured, the role of the pastor, how decisions are made, and the strategies it deploys to overcome obstacles and grow the church.
From a more business approach George Barna wrote a highly controversial book called Marketing the Church .8 It was about using the marketing tools of the business world to reach out and to win a church’s target group. McIntosh comments, “This marketing emphasis effectively turned many people away from the popular notion of church growth, and caused a reaction toward a new paradigm of church health in the mid 1990s.”9

Then there were the books that proposed models of what churches ought to be and do so that they may grow and fulfil the Great Commission mandate. Rick Warren’s The Purpose Driven Church (1995)10 was one of the first books that provided a balanced approach (The 5-Purposes) to grow a church. It detailed a process (The Life Development Process) depicted by the baseball diamond and a plan to move people from Community to Core. It also incorporated the HUP (although he does not attribute to it) by describing Saddleback’s target group, aka Saddleback Sam and Samantha.
CONCLUSION
As I draw the review of church growth literature to a conclusion, I return to the three questions I posed at the beginning of the article. First, is church growth teaching to be defined by and limited to McGavran’s and Wagner’s views during the classical Church Growth period? Advocates of CGM are adamant that church growth teaching must employ “as its initial frame of reference the foundational work done by Donald McGavran and his colleagues.”13 While I concur with this, I believe it would be limiting the usefulness of Church Growth teaching if it did not allow for additional structures to be built on that foundation. A case in point would be Wagner’s “discoveries” in the healing-prayer-spiritual warfare factor of church growth.14 He was disappointed that McGavran and others did not see that it was very much a part of and concerned the Church Growth field and agenda. Church health teaching falls in the same vein (I will pick up this thread again when I answer the third and final question).
The second question I posed was: what are the irreducible principles for church growth? From the review of church growth literature, I believe they would be:
- Quantitative and Qualitative Growth. Churches commissioned by Jesus in Matthew 28:19-20 must grow both numerically and in spiritual maturity.
- Research and Analysis. Research must be done to learn (a) about the people the church is attempting to reach with the Gospel, (b) the best means to reach this specific group of people, and (c) the hindrances to the growth of the church, and
- Strategic Planning. Determine the best strategies to be deployed based on the research and analysis to accomplish the purpose of the church with the use of planning and programming.15
However, to say that the above three principles of church growth are foundational does not mean that they are exhaustive. Upon these foundational principles of church growth I believe there should be an openness to allow for other well-tested tenets of church growth to be added to them. These would include the contributions of specific subjects such as church leadership, spiritual gifts and ministry strategies as they are applied in the church growth context.
Finally, what influence did church growth teaching have on the later development of church health teaching? Church health teaching came about as a response to church growth teaching, whether as a correction in relation to some of the misgivings of the latter or as a development of the latter. The bottom line is that we cannot separate the two. Church health is a necessary factor for church growth. The growth of a church, both in quantitative and qualitative terms, is dependent on the health of the church. I will look further into this as I review church health literature in a subsequent article.
by Lim Soon Hock, Empowering Churches
As a result, the teaching on church growth that was already evolving became even more diversified. Thom S. Rainer’s The Book of Church Growth (1993) provides a very helpful overview of the history and diversification in church growth teaching.
In a later book Strategies for Church Growth (1987) Wagner starts by revisiting some of the basic church growth principles. He explains how the advocates of CGM understand the terms commonly used in Christian circles. For example, what does “make disciples” mean? Wagner says that “The raw material of making disciples in the Great Commission sense is unbelievers who need to commit their lives to Christ for the first time. The raw material of modern ‘disciple making’ is Christians who need to be helped along the continuing road of Christian discipleship.”
While pastoring I had read many books including Peter Wagner’s works on church growth, Rick Warren’s Purpose Driven Church, Christian Schwarz’s Natural Church Development, Thom Rainer’s and Eric Geiger’s Simple Church, Gary McIntosh’s One Size Doesn’t Fit All and Aubrey Malphurs’ Advanced Strategic Planning. They were instrumental in shaping my philosophy of church ministry. The way I led the churches under my care reflected my convictions. I had come to the conclusion that it was critically important for churches to be healthy so that they can grow. On hindsight, the Lord was already preparing me for a ministry of church consultation with a focus on church health.
The work of church consultation in Malaysia faces a number of challenges.
Let me give you four factors that will help you determine what you may write about, especially if it’s your first book.

The event that sparked the writing of the book was a seminar I did for a young people’s church in October 2019. It was not my first time teaching the material. However, an evaluation the seminar made me realise that there was just too much material for the participants to digest. I decided that it would be better for me to put the teaching into a book so that people can read it at their own pace. They can also take time to think through the principles and apply them into their lives.
Then, the final part—printing the book. A slot for early March had been set with the printer to print the book. It was rush time for the layout artist to get everything print ready by the deadline. We managed to do that by a whisker. The printer sent me a mock-up of the book for one final check. And even at that final stage there were still typo-errors. Corrections were made and the file was sent to the printers again with a go-ahead. Then came the MCO!…and a wait of nearly three months!
What constitutes a large gathering? According to a report in TheEdgeMarkets it is anything above 250 people (13 March 2020). However, according to theStar online it is anything above 50 people (4 April 2020). On top of this the authorities may still require people to keep a distance of at least one metre (maybe even two metres) from one another. If this is implemented the capacity of a church’s worship hall will immediately be reduced to hold at most one third of the usual crowd at any one time.
Clearly, church is not just about the worship service. Church ultimately is about relationships (vertical and horizontal), discipleship (or discipling) and reaching out to the world (to win the spiritually lost and to impact our world). If worship services are cut shorter to cater for multiple services and the live-stream “audience”, coupled with social distancing and quick exits from the church building, the worship services are not going to cut it as far as the above mentioned objectives are concerned.
A few days ago I asked some pastors and church leaders how they are: 1.Connecting with their members, 2. Conducting their small group and prayer meetings, and 3. Doing their “corporate” worship service. I was particularly interested to know how they are using online facilities to help them accomplish the above objectives.
I know of at least one church that is providing daily video devotions for its members. The pastors record a short devotional message using their smartphone and upload it onto google drive. The link is sent to the members for them to view the video anytime of the day. Whether you do it daily or once during mid-week it helps your church member feel connected to you as their pastor during this time of no face-to-face contact.
In the context of Jeremiah 29:13, obviously seeking God is not simply about hearing what the Lord has to say—they had just heard from Him. Seeking God in this case was about the exiles aligning themselves to Him and His purpose. It is one thing to know what the Lord wants—it is another thing to align ourselves to what He says.
As I spoke, I said to the church, “I don’t know what your expectations are. But, then again, maybe I do. In a crowd like this the expectations are many and varied. You may have gone along on the same journey, but perceptions are different, interpretation of events are different, internalisation of the experiences are different. And depending on what you feel is important you will also expect those things to be addressed as quickly as possible. They are all valid and good. We are all good Christians who want no less than the good of the church. But good must give way to…?”